Archive for the ‘testosterone’ Category

Freud’s Vasectomy

Sunday, July 25th, 2010
A man looking for his mojo.

A man looking for his mojo.

Do you know why Sigmund Freud, esteemed psychoanalyst, had a vasectomy when he was 67 years old? How about William Butler Yeats, the famed writer, having his vasectomy at 69 years of age. Were they that sexually active and worried about conceiving? God bless them if this is true!

Hardly. Believe it or not, vasectomies were done in the roaring twenties and thirties in Austria by an endocrinologist named Steinach for physical and mental rejuvenation. “It revived my creative power,” wrote Yeats in 1937. This may be true as Yeats wrote a crop of poems during this period that rank with his best work. At that time, a vasectomy was considered the “holy grail” of perpetual youth. Steinach felt that by blocking sperm flow, male hormone production in the testis would improve.

The idea of hormonal rejuvenation really started in earnest with an acclaimed endocrinologist named Brown-Sequard who in 1889 injected himself with testicular extracts from rats and dogs. This led to the trend of “organotherapy” in which all sorts of animal organs were injected for every conceivable human illness. Sound familiar at all? It also led to serious and productive experimental research on the function of glands in the body.

The rejuvenating vasectomy was not an isolated claim to fame by Eugen Steinach from Vienna. He was nominated for a Nobel Prize six times for innovative studies that showed that male or female development depended almost entirely on the sex glands and their secretions. Give this theory a pinch of salt to incorporate modern genetics and is it true enough today.

What went wrong with Steinbach’s vasectomy idea was that he believed that narrow biologic principles could be used to treat the wide and complex condition of human sexuality. The funny thing is, almost 100 years later, we are still trying to figure out how to stay young forever.

Testosterone, Steak and Eggs

Monday, June 15th, 2009

One strong arm does not a man make...

One strong arm does not a man make...

Testosterone is one misunderstood molecule. It has such great influence over the human body that it has gained a reputation, a mystique. Society associates testosterone with Arnold Schwarzenegger (circa 1980s), with strength, virility, aggression, violence, square jaws and six-pack abs. We also tend to blame it for certain male tendencies and traits in our society, as well as certain medical disorders, although there is little scientific basis for this reasoning.

Testosterone is the major sex steroid hormone in men, and its effects are wide-ranging and powerful. It will make a boy into a man, for one thing. It sparks the development of facial and pubic hair, Adam’s apples, deeper voices, bigger muscles, broader chests. In the adult male, testosterone is necessary for sexual desire, erection maintenance, and sperm production. It also affects other body functions not directly related to sex–important ones–such as maintaining a normal blood count, bone strength, muscle mass and mood.

Testosterone might explain the perpetual sexual desire of a sixteen year-old whose previously unannointed body is now seeing it for the first time, but it does not explain away acts of violence. One popular belief is that excessive testosterone can make one uncontrollably aggressive. However, men actually tend to feel moodier and more anxious with lower testosterone levels, and there are reports that testosterone treatment can disperse these negative feelings. Also, studies show that there is a higher correlation between acts of violence and a past history of violence, than between violence and testosterone levels.

It is also untrue that high testosterone levels cause male pattern baldness and prostate cancer. Baldness is not a sign of virility, and is not associated with high testosterone levels. It is associated with genetics, specifically from the mother’s side of the family (male pattern, crown centered baldness) or the father’s side (overall baldness). Prostate cancer, meanwhile, appears to be associated with low levels of testosterone, and not high ones. So, basically, despite being the cause of hairiness, sweatiness, smelliness, and horniness, testosterone is very good for men.

Does it deserve the bad rap it gets? Taken appropriately, as replacement for naturally low levels, testosterone is not dangerous, nor is it illegal. If taken as a supplement, things are different. Anabolic steroids are synthetically produced variants of natural testosterone. Some common street or slang names for anabolic steroids include arnolds, gym candy, pumpers, roids, stackers, weight trainers, and juice. There are about 100 different types of anabolic steroids circulating nowadays and you will get over 1 million hits on Google by entering “buy steroids,” if you’re interested. When anabolics are taken as a supplement to boost normal testosterone levels, they can lead to some interesting side effects: shooting blanks instead of having a normal sperm count, getting tender breasts when you really don’t want them, and acne like when you were fourteen. Here’s where the bad rap enters the picture. And with steroid abuse, all bets are off regarding the healthy benefits that normal testosterone balance has on cholesterol balance, liver and heart health, blood pressure and mood. So be just like the power hitter Jim Thome, who said: “The strongest thing I put into my body is steak and eggs.”

Stem Cells, Snake Oil and You

Monday, May 18th, 2009

Stem cells are past the snake oil stage of medical treatment

Stem cells are past the snake oil stage of medical treatment

We’re way past bottled snake venom now. The new miracle medical cure lies deep within us, in our stem cells, if we can only figure out how to tap into them. 100 days into President Obama’s term, and it seems that the scientific community here in the U.S. might just be getting the fuel it needs to make major headway. The ban on using federal research money for stem cell research has partially been lifted, and I imagine that more funding is to come. A wise investment, I say. The potential for stem cells in medical care is simply enormous. I say this without hint of idealism, or romance, since I myself have seen what stem cells can do in my research with Stanford.

True stem cells are “pluripotent.” That is, they have the ability to become all of the different types of cells in the body. They could be used to rebuild or replace damaged tissue that is difficult or impossible for our own bodies to repair. Take nerves for example. If nerve cells degenerate, as occurs say with multiple sclerosis, one could apply stem cells to replace those degenerated nerve cells. These same stem cells could also replace damaged tissue associated with lung cancer, or Parkinson’s disease, or diabetes. Many conditions, including these, can currently be medically controlled, and made easier to live with, but they can’t be cured. Stem cells may change all that. For example, if eyesight has been lost due to corneal damage, we may be able to use stem cells to grow a new cornea, and restore lost vision.

There are many hurdles to overcome, some of them highly technical problems dealing with how to get from point A to point B. And cells that come from someone else can potentially be rejected. Even still, there are questions that may never be satisfactorily answered, ethical and cultural questions. Truly pluripotent stem cells are currently taken from embryos. When embryos get older, we call them fetuses, and when they are born, we call them children. The meaning of taking basically the seedling of a human being to treat another isn’t easy for some people to swallow. For others, the idea of cell-based therapy goes against deeply rooted notions of what is natural on this good earth. How you feel about this reaches into the most sacrosanct places in the heart and mind.

But there are other possibilities besides taking stem cells from embryos. “Adult” stem cells are stem cells made not from embryos, but from the tissues of fully grown adults. Bone marrow is a good example. Within bone marrow, special cells exist that can create all the cells within your blood. It could be that almost every tissue in the adult body has some kind of adult stem cell within it. Such cells might be able to be harvested from the same patient who needs treatment. Manipulated in a dish, they could be coaxed into other tissues, just like embryonic stem cells. This would avoid the issue of rejection discussed earlier, as well as the ethical questions raised from using embryonic stem cells. Currently, this coaxing is only possible with the help of viruses that introduce specific pluripotency genes into the adult cells and transform them into embryonic like cells. But who knows what tomorrow will bring? As I said, I have seen the potential already in a petri dish. More on that in my next posting.

Ramirez: A Lesson in Steroid Biology

Tuesday, May 12th, 2009

Build muscles naturally, like Joe Wieder in the 1970's.

Build muscles naturally, like Joe Wieder in the 1970's.

When a record-breaking athlete gets caught for doping, it’s not news anymore. It shouldn’t be. People have been taking drugs to increase physical prowess since ancient times. We’ve recently seen it with Barry Bonds, Jason Giambi, and now LA Dodger’s star Manny Ramirez, whose urine tested positive for a medication on MLB’s banned substance list.

The MLB was questioning the discovery of synthetic testosterone in Ramirez’s lab tests. Ramirez had been planning on waving that suspicion away by saying he had been using DHEA, a supplement made in the adrenal gland that is weaker than testosterone and that is currently not banned. What sealed the deal was his positive test for hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin). It occurs naturally in a woman’s body when she’s pregnant, and is a drug that is only federally approved for use as a fertility medication. In women, it is used to induce ovulation, the release of an egg from the ovary. For boys, it is used to induce natural testosterone production in the testicles to help with puberty. For men, the only medical reason a man might use it is to boost testosterone levels for fertility purposes. It is not commonly given for erectile dysfunction, as Viagra, Cialis or Levitra are more effective treatments and are less painful to administer. hCG can only be given by injection, while both Cialis and Viagra come in handy dandy pills.

So why hCG? Well, testosterone supplements are taken by athletes because they are anabolic: they increase muscle mass and performance. However, steroids effectively shut down a man’s own testosterone production. Because the body is being supplied with a steroid that serves testosterone’s purpose, the testicles see no need to continue to produce their own testosterone and cease production. Fertility is wiped out too while men are taking anabolic steroids. Because of these effects, the testicles actually shrink. HCG is commonly used by steroid users when coming off of anabolic steroids, to normalize the hormone signaling and prevent testicle shrinkage. It stimulates the testicles to start testosterone production again, after being told to turn it off. This makes the system able to respond to the next cycle of anabolic steroids. And on and on it goes, the process of steroid stacking and cycling.

So, the fact that hCG was found in Ramirez’s blood suggests that he was doing other things with other supplements as well. Another star now fallen off the pedestal…

Men, Oysters and Sex

Tuesday, April 7th, 2009

The Miraculous Oyster

The Miraculous Oyster

The eating of an oyster is a tale of seduction. Crack open its rocklike shell at its most fragile point and it gives easily, revealing the delicate tissue at its heart. Eat it raw and it tastes of the soul of the ocean that made it. To many, it’s food pornography. An aphrodisiac.

But oysters don’t make you a sex machine. It’s a just a myth. There is simply no scientific evidence that these tender sea dumplings help maintain erections, improve stamina, or enhance arousal. They may make you think about sex. Which is as good an aphrodisiac as any.

Despite the sexual innuendo inherent in these mollusks, there is a lack of scientific support that oysters are sexual performance boosters. Oysters do support a healthy body, and so a healthy sex drive. Along with being a protein source, they are rich in zinc, a deficiency of which can cause impotence. Zinc is also a necessary building block for testosterone, so it supports a healthy libido and sperm production. But zinc is common enough in other foods, such as chicken and turkey, and no one considers poultry an aphrodisiac. In rat studies, oyster extracts lower cholesterol levels and blood pressure, but changes in mating patterns have not been investigated. And at least one human clinical trial reports an improvement in cholesterol in healthy men with an oyster-rich diet. However, like in the rat study, sexual activity and performance were not examined.

That said, oysters contain something that can’t be scientifically quantified. Romance. And that’s a vitamin for the soul as well as the body.