Archive for March, 2010

Handling The Truth

Sunday, March 28th, 2010
Patients can handle the truth...try them.

Patients can handle the truth...try them.

How would you react to a doctor who, instead of explaining the entirety of your medical options, simply said “trust me, this is the right choice.” Maybe that style of “care” worked a generation or two back, but today’s patients have access to any piece of medical information that their doctors do. Patients want to know as much as they can so they can make the best choices for themselves or their loved ones.

Why do I bring this up? Well, because I got a call the other day from a patient who was seeking for more information about his options for fatherhood after vasectomy. He had an older vasectomy, 25 years or so, and a wife who was 40 years old. He met with two doctors in other cities and asked them about vasectomy reversal and sperm retrieval with assisted reproduction. Both of these are options for vasectomized men. Both urologists said, “forget it!” The patient was stunned. He just wanted information to help him decide how he was going to approach the family building issue. Instead, he received no information, and, without asking, he was told what he should do. Forget it.

Two things are still true after visiting these two doctors:

1. He still wants a family.

2. He knows no more than he did before about how to achieve this goal.

Now what is wrong with this picture? Patients do not necessarily depend on doctors for information; they can get that almost anywhere on the Web. However, they do depend on doctors for wisdom and knowledge–the interpretation of information as it applies to the patient. I believe that life is a journey, one that involves many forks in many roads. Some are chosen and others are not. In the end, there is a story, a memory, of the path that was taken. Making decisions about medical care is also part of the journey that we all take. As doctors, we are obliged to use our experience and wisdom to help patients face decisions and choices that affect their health, their budgets and often their very lives. A patient’s “trust” is earned and is not gifted to doctors. Be their trusted consultant, someone who they can rely on for good solid information and wisdom. Unlike what Col. Nathan R. Jessep says in A Few Good Men, patients can handle the truth.

In my discussion with this patient, I gave him the facts about each choice. Older vasectomies are less successful at being reversed than younger ones, but the results are still very respectable in the right hands. His wife’s age could influence his decision either way, especially if she has limited time left to have children. Pregnancies after reversals of older vasectomies occur later than those after younger vasectomies. Sperm retrieval and assisted reproduction

can be a faster, albeit more expensive, way to conceive. If more than one child is desired, then assisted reproduction can get very expensive compared to vasectomy reversal. No value judgments, just the facts. There are lots of ways to build families and patients armed with good informaton can decide which way is best for them.

It has always been my philosophy as a physician and surgeon to walk the walk with the patient. Even stepping into their shoes and taking the journey with them. This makes good sense in situations in which outcomes cannot be guaranteed. Sure, I will offer an opinion if they ask, “what would you do?” However, in my brief stay on this good earth, I have found that the educated consumer always makes the best choices.

Genome: Repair Thyself

Sunday, March 21st, 2010
How damaged is your genetic sheet metal?

How damaged is your genetic sheet metal?

Imaging parking your car at home after work and all the nicks and scratches are removed while you sleep, before heading to work the next day. All shiny and new, polished even, while you sleep. Believe it or not, this is normally what happens to your genes and chromosomes on a minute-to-minute basis. DNA mismatch repair is a constant and vigilant process, occurring in all cells of the body. Why the biologic vigilance?  Well, It keeps us whole, healthy and cancer free.

About 11 years ago, we published a paper showing for the first time that infertile men can’t repair the errors normally encountered in their DNA as well as normal men. This was startling news in part because it implied that infertile men may be more likely to develop other problems later in life, including cancer. Why cancer? Because the development of cancer has been associated with the inability to normally repair the frequent daily errors that occur to one’s DNA as the body’s cells divide and renew.

Today, however, we know much more. We know that testis cancer is 3-fold more likely to occur in previously infertile men than in fertile men as they age. And our latest research has shown that prostate cancer, thought to be a disease exclusive to older men, occurs more seriously and more commonly in previously infertile men.

So what does this mean? Is male infertility the first sign of a larger problem in our species? It is the ultimate medical problem of a species trying to reproduce?  Well, honestly it isn’t entirely clear. However, to me it indicates that male infertility should certainly be considered an insurable and real medical condition that should be taken as seriously as a heart attack. Even more worrisome is the issue of whether the use of sperm from severely infertile men is putting their offspring at even higher risk of medical issues than that experienced by their fathers.

So do not ignore the infertility issue when it strikes and get that male partner evaluated by a specialist. Teach him to perform testicular self-examination, a simple maneuver performed once monthly in the shower that has far more potential to extend his life than even exercising or weight control. Educate him about prostate cancer so that he does not ignore the powerful screening tools available to find it early. The age of innocence is over. The warning signs are now clear; get men the care that they deserve.

Stem Cells are People Too

Sunday, March 14th, 2010
A stem cell in a dish is worth a hundred different therapies.

A stem cell in a dish is worth a hundred different therapies.

Not all stem cells are alike. News to you? Maybe not, but it has hit researchers pretty hard over the past several weeks. As you may have garnered from prior essays on this blog, stem cells are potentially capable of morphing into many different tissues, such nerves, heart or liver, and are the next wave in medical therapy for all kinds of diseases affecting both the young and the old. The medical treatment that they will bring to the table is called “personalized, cell based therapy.”

One huge problem is that the best kind of stem cell, the one that can do the most, is created from embryos. The embryonic stem cell has many “issues” though: derived from embryos, retrieval ethics, not patient specific, created by cloning, inefficient to produce and the like. Because of this, research has focused on alternatives like transformed adult stem cells or our very own untransformed testicular stem cells. The news today concerns the quality of adult-type stem cells that are “reprogrammed” and transformed into embryonic-like stem cells, also termed induced pluripotency stem (iPS) cells.

Well, there appear to be growing pains for the iPS cell, an embryonic stem cell alternative. Developed in 2006 from adult skin cells, researchers genetically manipulated a specialized adult cell, transforming it back to an unspecialized state. Since then, hundreds of labs have leaped into the burgeoning adult stem cell field.

The ideal stem cell is like a blank slate. It is capable of becoming any other tissue, and is immortal. True embryonic stem cells are like this, but, according to several recent publications, many iPS cell lines are not really blank slates. Also, it appears that nerve and blood cells made from iPS cells grow poorly and age quickly and may even “remember” what cell from whence they came. Some even conclude that iPS cells may not even be considered a practical choice for cell-based therapy down the line.

The realization that iPS cells are not exactly like the gold standard embryonic stem cells has slowed the field down a bit, but it is an important observation. Like people or even wine, stem cells are a bit different from one another, each with their own personality, temperament and potential. Some do this better than that, and others do that better than this. It suggests that stem cell-based therapy may eventually involve tapping into a mixture of different stem cells to cure the problem. Now that’s an old fashioned idea: a little of this and a little of that…

Adding Hope to Health

Sunday, March 7th, 2010
How about being happy and hopeful as well as healthy?

How about being happy and hopeful as well as healthy?

The couple had been trying to conceive for 5 years unsuccessfully. The tension and anxiety in the relationship was palpable and strained. They had spent well into the 5 digits to have a child with test tube baby technology (IVF) and yet were still not pregnant. His vasectomy reversal had also failed them. And they were going to try one more time, just once, with me, before calling it quits.

When he came to me for care, he was frankly depressed. Out of money and full of debt, close to losing his job in this economy and in a strained relationship hanging on by a thread, he sat across from me. He looked terrible. “Can you help?” he asked me.

Well I did help. I reversed his vasectomy again and it worked. Fast-forward 9 months and a birth announcement arrives in the office from the couple with a long personal note of thanks on the back. But one line really struck me:

”Looking at her, sleeping quietly, I see her future as an astronaut, the President, a doctor, a lawyer or anything else that she wants to be. She can be or do anything!”

Absolutely unbridled hope and enthusiasm was infusing a mind once filled with almost unfathomable despair. All this change, nine months and one baby ago. Wow!

Talk about a biological drive. Reproduction easily ranks up there with breathing and eating. Not for everyone of course, but for many. I am quite sure that if you surveyed infertile couples about their quality of life with infertility, as has been done in patients with cancer, you would find these diagnoses equally impactful. I have no doubt many of my patients would give up five healthy years of their life to have a child. Maybe even 10. Just because it cannot be assessed by a blood pressure cuff, a blood test, or a scar does not make infertility any less important an affliction.

And yet, despite its profound impact, its ability to tear apart relationships, crush self-esteem and slow down an otherwise productive couple to a grinding halt, infertility is not really considered a disease in many societies, including ours.

Want a more productive and healthier society? Cure infertility. And what about something else that this world could use a lot more of, as expressed by my patient: the resurrection of those elemental feelings that lead us to live good lives and to make the world a better place for those who will follow us.